{
    "meta": {
        "title": "Tamil literature from the Sangam age to 1900",
        "generated": "2026-11-01",
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            "id": 417,
            "title_ta": "ஏசுநாதர் சரித்திரம்",
            "transliteration": "Yesunathar Charithiram",
            "type_en": "Charithiram",
            "type_ta": "சரித்திரம்",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "Pandya–Nayak",
            "period_range": "c. 1300–1700",
            "period_code": "N",
            "date": "1606–1656",
            "author": "Robert de Nobili",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "Prose",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "One of 18 Tamil works by him, including Neethi Chol. Source: Govindasamy 1969.",
            "metadata_source": "M. Govindasamy, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru (1969)",
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            "id": 1116,
            "title_ta": "ஞானோபதேச காண்டம், ஆத்தும நிர்ணயம், கடவுள் நிர்ணயம் முதலிய நூல்கள்",
            "transliteration": "Njaanoopatheecha Kaantam, Aaththuma Nirnayam, Katavul Nirnayam Muthaliya Nuulkal *",
            "type_en": "Puranam",
            "type_ta": "புராணம்",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "Pandya–Nayak",
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            "period_code": "N",
            "date": "17th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "ராபர்ட் டி நொபிலி (தத்துவ போதகர்) — Raapart Ti Nopili (thaththuva Poothakar) *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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            "id": 1117,
            "title_ta": "தம்பிரான் வணக்கம், கிரீசித்தாணி வணக்கம்",
            "transliteration": "Thampiraan Vanakkam, Kiriichiththaani Vanakkam *",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "Pandya–Nayak",
            "period_range": "c. 1300–1700",
            "period_code": "N",
            "date": "17th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "ஹென்றிக் ஹென்றிக்ஸ் பாதிரியார் — Henrik Henriks Paathiriyaar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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            "id": 145,
            "title_ta": "தேம்பாவணி",
            "transliteration": "Thembavani",
            "type_en": "Kappiyam",
            "type_ta": "காப்பியம்",
            "category": "Kappiyam (Epic)",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "1726 CE",
            "author": "Veeramamunivar (Constanzo Beschi)",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "36 padalams, 3,615 verses",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Life of St Joseph.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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                "text": ""
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                "url": "https://archive.org/details/tdl.2431-nuul-viirmaamunnnivr-arullicceyt-teempaavnni-muunnnrraang-kaannttm"
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        {
            "id": 215,
            "title_ta": "திருக்காவலூர்க் கலம்பகம்",
            "transliteration": "Thirukkavalur Kalambagam",
            "type_en": "Kalambagam",
            "type_ta": "கலம்பகம்",
            "category": "Sitrilakkiyam (Minor genres)",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c.",
            "author": "Veeramamunivar (Beschi)",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "c. 100 verses",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Also Kitteri Ammal Ammanai.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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                        "kind": "உரை",
                        "commentator": "ரம்போலா மாஸ்கரேனஸ்",
                        "year": "1977",
                        "archive_id": "acc.-no.-18747-thirukavalur-kalampagam-moolum-uraiyum-1977",
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            "id": 216,
            "title_ta": "பரமார்த்த குரு கதை",
            "transliteration": "Paramartha Guru Kathai",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c.",
            "author": "Veeramamunivar (Beschi)",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "8 stories",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Comic prose tales; early Tamil prose fiction.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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            "id": 231,
            "title_ta": "தமிழ்ப் புதிய ஏற்பாடு",
            "transliteration": "Ziegenbalg New Testament",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "1715 CE",
            "author": "Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg",
            "tradition": "Christian (Lutheran)",
            "extent": "Translation",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Printed at Tranquebar; first Bible portion in an Indian language.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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            "id": 422,
            "title_ta": "அடைக்கல மாலை",
            "transliteration": "Adaikkala Malai",
            "type_en": "Malai",
            "type_ta": "மாலை",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c.",
            "author": "Veeramamunivar (Beschi)",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "Malai",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Also Vethiyar Ozhukkam. Source: Govindasamy 1969.",
            "metadata_source": "M. Govindasamy, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru (1969)",
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        {
            "id": 423,
            "title_ta": "வேதியர் ஒழுக்கம்",
            "transliteration": "Vethiyar Ozhukkam",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c.",
            "author": "Veeramamunivar (Beschi)",
            "tradition": "Christian (Catholic)",
            "extent": "Prose",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Manual for catechists. Source: Govindasamy 1969.",
            "metadata_source": "M. Govindasamy, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru (1969)",
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        {
            "id": 460,
            "title_ta": "இயேசு புராணம்",
            "transliteration": "Yesu Puranam",
            "type_en": "Puranam",
            "type_ta": "புராணம்",
            "category": "Puranam",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
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            "period_range": "1700–1800",
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            "date": "before 1753",
            "author": "Koozhangai Thambiran",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "1,023 verses",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Jaffna; he converted to Christianity late in life. Source: Govindasamy 1969.",
            "metadata_source": "M. Govindasamy, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru (1969)",
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        {
            "id": 462,
            "title_ta": "ஞானக் கண்ணாடி",
            "transliteration": "Gnanak Kannadi",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "1750 CE",
            "author": "Tranquebar mission",
            "tradition": "Christian (Lutheran)",
            "extent": "Prose",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: Govindasamy 1969.",
            "metadata_source": "M. Govindasamy, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru (1969)",
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        },
        {
            "id": 1164,
            "title_ta": "அடைக்கலநாயகி மேல் வெண்கலிப்பா",
            "transliteration": "Ataikkalanaayaki Meel Venkalippaa *",
            "type_en": "Devotional verse",
            "type_ta": "பக்திப் பாடல்",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "வீரமாமுனிவர் — Viiramaamunivar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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            "wikisource_search": "https://ta.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE",
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        },
        {
            "id": 1165,
            "title_ta": "அன்னையழுங்கல் அந்தாதி",
            "transliteration": "Annaiyazhungkal Anthaathi *",
            "type_en": "Anthathi",
            "type_ta": "அந்தாதி",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "வீரமாமுனிவர் — Viiramaamunivar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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            "wikisource_search": "https://ta.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF",
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        {
            "id": 1166,
            "title_ta": "கித்தேரியம்மாள் அம்மானை",
            "transliteration": "Kiththeeriyammaal Ammaanai *",
            "type_en": "Ammanai",
            "type_ta": "அம்மானை",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "வீரமாமுனிவர் — Viiramaamunivar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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            "wikisource_search": "https://ta.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88",
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        {
            "id": 1169,
            "title_ta": "வேத விளக்கம், பேதம் மறுத்தல், ஞானம் உணர்த்தல், லுத்தர் இனத்தியல்பு",
            "transliteration": "Veetha Vilakkam, Peetham Maruththal, Njaanam Unarththal, Luththar Inaththiyalpu *",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "வீரமாமுனிவர் — Viiramaamunivar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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        {
            "id": 1170,
            "title_ta": "வாமன் சரித்திரம்",
            "transliteration": "Vaaman Chariththiram *",
            "type_en": "Charithiram",
            "type_ta": "சரித்திரம்",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "வீரமாமுனிவர் — Viiramaamunivar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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        {
            "id": 1195,
            "title_ta": "ஆசைப்பத்து, ஆனந்த மஞ்சரி, பேரின்ப தியானம்",
            "transliteration": "Aachaippaththu, Aanantha Manjchari, Peerinpa Thiyaanam *",
            "type_en": "Pathu",
            "type_ta": "பத்து",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "18th century",
            "period_range": "1700–1800",
            "period_code": "E",
            "date": "18th c. (per M. Arunachalam)",
            "author": "அந்தோணிக்குட்டி அண்ணாவியார் — Anthoonikkutti Annaaviyaar *",
            "tradition": "Christian",
            "extent": "",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Source: tamil.wiki century list (from M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru).",
            "metadata_source": "tamil.wiki century lists (M. Arunachalam, Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru)",
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        {
            "id": 146,
            "title_ta": "இரட்சணிய யாத்திரிகம்",
            "transliteration": "Iratchaniya Yathrigam",
            "type_en": "Kappiyam",
            "type_ta": "காப்பியம்",
            "category": "Kappiyam (Epic)",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
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            "period_range": "1800–1900",
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            "date": "1894 CE",
            "author": "H.A. Krishnapillai",
            "tradition": "Christian (Protestant)",
            "extent": "5 parvams, 3,766 verses",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Based on Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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        {
            "id": 217,
            "title_ta": "பெத்லகேம் குறவஞ்சி",
            "transliteration": "Bethlehem Kuravanji",
            "type_en": "Kuravanji",
            "type_ta": "குறவஞ்சி",
            "category": "Sitrilakkiyam (Minor genres)",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "19th century",
            "period_range": "1800–1900",
            "period_code": "T",
            "date": "c. 1800 CE",
            "author": "Vedanayagam Sastri",
            "tradition": "Christian (Protestant)",
            "extent": "Kuravanji drama",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Christian adaptation of the kuravanji form; Thanjavur.",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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        {
            "id": 218,
            "title_ta": "இரட்சணிய மனோகரம்",
            "transliteration": "Iratchaniya Manoharam",
            "type_en": "Devotional verse",
            "type_ta": "பக்திப் பாடல்",
            "category": "Bhakti – Christian",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "19th century",
            "period_range": "1800–1900",
            "period_code": "T",
            "date": "1899 CE",
            "author": "H.A. Krishnapillai",
            "tradition": "Christian (Protestant)",
            "extent": "Devotional lyrics",
            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "",
            "metadata_source": "Standard histories of Tamil literature",
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        {
            "id": 230,
            "title_ta": "தமிழ் விவிலியம் (திருத்திய மொழிபெயர்ப்பு)",
            "transliteration": "Tamil Bible (Navalar / Union version)",
            "type_en": "Prose",
            "type_ta": "உரைநடை",
            "category": "Prose",
            "collection": "Christian Tamil",
            "level": "Work",
            "period": "19th century",
            "period_range": "1800–1900",
            "period_code": "T",
            "date": "1850 CE",
            "author": "Peter Percival with Arumuga Navalar",
            "tradition": "Christian (Protestant)",
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            "status": "Extant",
            "notes": "Earlier version by Ziegenbalg (NT 1715) and Fabricius (18th c.).",
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}